Composites of inorganic and/or organic microparticles and nano-calcium carbonate particles

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to composites, comprising inorganic and/or organic pigments and/or fillers in the form of microparticles, the surface of which is coated at least partially with finely divided nano-calcium carbonate with the help of binders based on copolymers comprising as monomers one or more dicarboxylic acids and one or more monomers from the group of diamines, triamines, dialkanolamines or trialkanolamines, a method for producing such composites, aqueous slurries thereof and their use in papermaking or in the field of paint and plastic production and the use of the inventive binders for coating the microparticles with nano-calcium carbonate.

This is a Continuation-in-Part of PCT Application No. PCT/EP2007/055506,filed Jun. 5, 2007, which claims priority to German Application No.102006026965.9, filed Jun. 9, 2006, the content of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirely.

The present invention relates to composites, comprising inorganic and/ororganic pigments and/or fillers in the form of microparticles whosesurface is coated with the help of binders at least partially withfinely divided calcium carbonate particles in the nanometer range, amethod for producing such composites, aqueous slurries thereof and usethereof in papermaking or in the field of production of paints andplastics as well as the use of the inventive binders for coatingmicroparticles with nano-calcium carbonate.

Pigments and/or fillers based on calcium carbonate particles in thenanometer range (so-called nanoparticles) are known and are used innumerous applications including paper, paint and plastics applications.Organic and/or inorganic pigments and/or fillers in the micrometer range(so-called microparticles) such as hollow spheres or solid particlesbased on polystyrene, and inorganic mineral particles such as talc- ormica-based pigments and/or fillers are also known and are used in thesame or similar applications.

Mixtures of nanoparticles and microparticles of different chemicalcompositions are used because they have certain different propertieswhich are advantageous to combine to impart the desired properties tothe end product, e.g., paper. Mixtures of such substances are used,e.g., as pigments or fillers in papermaking but especially in paperfinishing as in coating, e.g., to improve the quality of the paper withregard to the opacity, whiteness and gloss of the paper or theprintability and printing properties. It is known that the properties ofsuch microparticles and nanoparticles with regard to retention inpapermaking and coating “holdout” in paper finishing, e.g., papercoating can be combined advantageously. Coating holdout is understood bythose skilled in the art to refer to whether the coating remains on thepaper surface or penetrates partially to completely into the papersurface or whether a portion, e.g., the binder and/or a pigment or apartial fraction of a pigment is segregated from the whole andpenetrates into the paper surface. This is a problem with which thoseskilled in the art are familiar, especially in coating an absorbentsubstrate using coating colours with a low solids content.

When using mixtures of such microparticles and nanoparticles in suchapplications, an unwanted separation of components, so-calledsegregation, unfortunately occurs frequently and is associated with anuneven distribution of the coating with regard to the coating thicknesson the surface underneath, the underlying pre-coating or the papersurface, which may thus lead to an uneven printing on the paper, forexample. The term “segregation” refers to the process of separation ofdifferent elements in an observation field with a tendency towardspatial distribution of the elements according to certain properties.

Segregation of pigment and/or filler mixtures results in differences inpore volume in the coating, e.g., in finishing the paper by coating,because the free nanoparticles become segregated from the microparticlesand therefore may either occupy the pores of the paper and/or thecoating or “float” there, i.e., collect primarily in the upper area ofthe coating, for example, which is important in particular when thecoating should absorb a certain volume of liquid such as water, oiland/or organic solvents from the printing ink in the subsequentprinting.

A number of such mixtures, their production and use are known in thestate of the art.

A widely used technique for producing such pigment or filler mixtures isdescribed in DE 33 12 778 A1 and DE 43 12 463 C1, for example, andconsists of mixing and joint grinding of a mineral filler such asnatural calcium carbonate with a mineral filler such as talc.

However, under the conditions of papermaking or coating, such mixturesare usually subject to segregation because the bonds between thecomponents of the mixture often do not withstand these conditions. It isknown that shear rates of more than 10⁶ sec⁻¹ may occur in coating withthe doctor blade at 1500 m/min.

Therefore, additional methods for producing such composites have beendeveloped based on crosslinking between the pigment and/or fillerparticles, where numerous internal cavities are formed that shouldimprove the physical properties and especially the optical properties ofthe pigments and/or fillers.

Thus, a method for forming chemically aggregated porous pigmentcomposites is described in WO 92/08755, where an aqueous slurry ofmineral particles such as calcium carbonate is prepared and a polymer orcopolymer containing carboxylic acid groups is added to the slurry tocause flocculation. Calcium ions are added in excess to the slurry toinduce precipitation of the calcium salt of the polymer on the mineralflocks and therefore produce aggregates of the mineral particles thatare bonded by the calcium salt and have a porous flaky structure. Theexcess calcium ions are reacted with carbon dioxide and precipitated ascalcium carbonate on the polymeric calcium salt. However, since thecalcium ions are added in the form of alkaline chemical compounds suchas calcium hydroxide, they form alkaline intermediates that can havenegative effects, e.g., when using certain dispersants. In addition,further precipitation of calcium carbonate alters the structure of theoriginal nanoparticle/microparticle structure and necessarily leads tothe introduction of another pigment, namely the precipitated calciumcarbonate formed by neutralization. Flocculated aggregates can beproblematical in general in paper applications because they causediffuse light scattering on the surface which leads to loss of the papergloss. In addition, the pore volume of the composite to be achievedoriginally is influenced and altered first by the flocculation andsecondly by the precipitated calcium carbonate thus formed.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,402 describes functionally modified pigmentparticles that are produced by mixing of flocculated pigments such ascalcium carbonate with a regulator substance having an opposite chargefrom the charge of the flocculated pigment. The flocculated pigment ispreferably an aqueous suspension of filter cake particles. Preferredregulator substances include water-insoluble or dispersible latexbinders, water-soluble or alkali-soluble organic and/or inorganicpolymer binders and non-film-forming organic particles that areelectrostatically bound to the pigment particles when mixed with them.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,454,864, U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,487 and EP 0 573 150 alsodescribe pigment composites whose production is based on electrostaticattraction forces between the carrier particles and the coatingparticles. However, the use of such composites may be problematical inthe respective applications because of interactions with other chargedcomponents.

Another method for improving whiteness according to WO 97/32934 consistsof coating the pigment particles with other pigment particles such asfinely divided particles of precipitated calcium carbonate which areinitially present in the form of agglomerates, but without using abinder, which can lead to the problems mentioned above such asflocculation. The stability of these composites is based essentially onthe forces of attraction such as van der Waals forces that can developonly when certain very specific conditions are met. For example adefined pH must be maintained exactly to obtain the best possible zetapotential, which is different for each combination of substances. Assoon as the conditions deviate from the optimal, the forces of repulsionbecome predominant and the components undergo segregation.

WO 99/52984 pertains to composite compositions of costructured orcoadsorbed fillers which contain at least two different types of mineralor organic fillers or pigments, e.g., from calcium carbonate, talc orpolystyrene and use thereof. The different types of pigments or fillershave hydrophilic and/or organophilic regions which allow binding to takeplace by way of special binders. The binders, which must have anaffinity for the hydrophilic components as well as the organophiliccomponents to manifest their binding function, are selected from specialpolymers and/or copolymers. The particle diameter of the pigments and/orfillers used does not play a role here inasmuch as no diameter ismentioned explicitly and/or all the particle diameters mentioned in theexamples are less than 1 μm in the best case. Thus the advantages offillers or pigments and therefore the problems associated with them inthe case of segregation are not discussed here.

WO 03/078734 discloses a composition for surface treatment, inparticular for coating paper, containing a nanoparticle fraction, e.g.,of precipitated calcium carbonate, and a carrier fraction comprisingplatelet-like pigment particles, including talc or plastic pigmentparticles and at least one binder. However, the nanoparticles do notcoat the carrier. By targeted arrangement of the platelet-likemicroparticles on the paper surface, pores are closed and nanoparticlescan no longer penetrate. It is describes how the platelet-likemicroparticles migrate to the paper surface due to segregation andthereby close pores between the fibres and thus prevent thenanoparticles from being able to penetrate into the surface. Thustargeted segregation of nanoparticles and microparticles is a goal.Microparticles segregate from the nanoparticles and are situated at thebottom of the coating while nanoparticles are at the top of the coating.The binder, preferably a polymer latex binder, causes the bond to formbetween individual particles and the two particle fractions at the topand bottom of the coating when the coating dries on the paper. Thedesired segregation has already taken place at this point in time.

US 2005/0287313 relates to the subject of fusible print media based on asubstrate and an ink-absorbing layer on the substrate. The ink-absorbinglayer comprises a plurality of hollow spheres, e.g., polystyrene hollowspheres which have essentially the same diameter which may be 0.3 to 10μm. The layer also includes binders such as polyvinyl alcohol orpolyvinylpyrrolidone and the like to bond the hollow spheres together.The hollow spheres may also be partially replaced by microporous and/ormesoporous inorganic particles such as calcium carbonate or talc as wellas polymer particles that are not hollow and may have a diameter of 0.2to 5 μm. US 2005/0287313 thus describes a mixture of microparticles thatare present concurrently and held together by fixation in a bindertailored to the requirements of the melting process. It is a type ofpickling bath which may consist of certain cationic polymers andcopolymers containing amino groups and is fed to ensure a betterchemical interaction between a dye-based ink and the ink absorbinglayer. It does not play any role with regard to the binding of thedifferent components within the layer. The problem of segregation is notmentioned.

WO 2006/016036 relates to, among other things, a method for grindingmineral materials in water in the presence of binders and the resultingsuspensions as well as the use thereof in coating formulations. A largenumber of materials such as talc that can be ground in the presence ofbinders are mentioned in the description and claims. However, theexamples use only calcium carbonates. In none of the examples grindingof, for example, two chemically different materials in the presence of abinder is disclosed. Furthermore, there is no mention of the fact thatnanoparticles are formed or nanomicrocomposites are produced by thisgrinding method. The binder is not used to produce a composite butinstead as a grinding aid for finer grinding, but the average diameterof the particles in the pigment suspensions may be up to 30 μm. Thebinders used for grinding may be based on styrene-acrylate orstyrene-butadiene, i.e., these are binders with which those skilled inthe art are well familiar such as those used in coating papers or asbinders in wall paint. Thus, the method described in WO 2006/016036obligatorily includes a grinding step which yields particles essentiallyin the micro range and it does not describe a binder that allows theformation of an essentially segregation-resistant composite.

The object of the present invention is thus to provide pigment and/orfiller composites as well as aqueous slurries thereof which will havevery good optical properties, e.g., with regard to opacity, whitenessand brightness or printing properties while at the same time beingsubject to no or essentially no segregation under the processingconditions to which they are exposed.

However, this object does not extend to the field of thermal paper,production and processing thereof, inasmuch as it pertains to compositesfrom organic microparticles and inorganic nanoparticle components forpapermaking and finishing methods.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method forproducing such composites, the use of these composites according to thepresent invention in papermaking and finishing, e.g., coating, but notin production and processing of thermal paper if it involves compositesof organic microparticles and inorganic nanoparticle components. Inaddition, an object of the present invention is the use of the inventivecomposites in the production of paints or plastics, in sealingsubstances and the use of certain binders in coating pigment and/orfiller microparticles with calcium carbonate nanoparticles.

The features defined in the independent claims are used to achieve theseobjects.

Advantageous embodiments of the present invention are derived from thesubclaims and the following description.

The object of the invention is achieved by a composite, comprisinginorganic and/or organic pigment and/or filler particles which arecoated at least partially with a calcium carbonate composition, and abinder.

The binder consists of a copolymer comprising as monomers one or moredicarboxylic acids and one or more monomers from the group of diamines,triamines, dialkanolamines or trialkanolamines.

The inventive binder has especially good binder properties incombination with the microparticles and the nano-calcium carbonatecompositions. A large portion of the nano-calcium carbonate compositionused is permanently bound to the surface of the microparticle, whichallows an open structure in use of the composite and thus allows areduction in packing density and/or an increase in pore volume, amongother things.

According to this invention, the spherical equivalent diameter of thepigment and/or filler particles is primarily in the micrometer range,while the spherical equivalent diameter of the calcium carbonateparticles is primarily in the nanometer range.

A particle in the nanometer range is defined within the scope of thisinvention as a particle having a spherical equivalent diameter of lessthan or equal to 200 nm.

A microparticle is defined according to this invention as a particlehaving a spherical equivalent diameter of greater than 0.2 μm up to themicrometer range, e.g., about 0.3 to 100 μm, in particular from about 1to about 25 μm.

The so-called spherical equivalent diameter is a measure of the size ofan irregularly shaped particle. It is calculated from a comparison of aproperty of the irregular particle with a property of a regularly shapedparticle. Depending on the choice of property used for comparison, adistinction is made between different equivalent diameters. In thepresent case the equivalent diameter is considered with respect to thesedimentation properties of the particles investigated.

The sedimentation and thus the equivalent diameter of the particles aswell as their distribution are determined for the present invention byusing the sedimentation method, i.e., a sedimentation analysis in agravimetric field using the Sedigraph 5100 from the companyMicromeritics, USA. Those skilled in the art are familiar with thismethod and this apparatus which are used throughout the world fordetermining the degree of fineness of fillers and pigments. Theirmeasurement is performed in an aqueous solution of 0.1 wt % Na₄P₂O₇. Thesamples were dispersed using a high-speed stirrer and ultrasound.

In a preferred embodiment, the pigment microparticles and/or fillermicroparticles are inorganic particles, e.g., talc, mica or mixturesthereof. Calcium carbonate is not suitable as a microparticle accordingto this invention. Suitable talc qualities are distributed by MONDOMinerals, for example. Mica may also be used such as that available fromAspanger Bergbau und Mineralwerke GmbH, Austria, for example.

The pigment and/or filler particles preferably have an essentiallyspherical structure, in particular, a hollow spherical, hollowhemispherical or platelet-like structure, where “hemispherical”structure is understood to refer to any structure derived from a hollowsphere having a surface that is not closed. Platelet-like and hollowhemispherical micropigments and/or microfillers have proven to beespecially advantageous because they have a good holdout due to theirshape. Platelet-like particles are understood here to be particles inwhich the ratio of length to width and/or height is >1.

Inorganic microparticle pigments and/or fillers are preferablyplatelet-like.

The inventive pigment and/or filler particles may also be organicparticles, however, e.g., based on polyethylene, polypropylene,polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene or mixtures thereof. Organicpigments and/or fillers that can be used in the present inventioninclude those distributed by Rohm & Haas, for example, under the brandname Ropaque, e.g., Ropaque HP-1055 or Ropaque AF-1353. The advantage oforganic microparticles in the composite is derived, among other things,from the different physical properties such as density, conductivity andcolour of organic materials in comparison with inorganic mineralsubstances.

In a preferred embodiment, the organic pigment particles and/or fillerparticles have an essentially spherical structure, preferably a hollowspherical or hollow hemispherical structure. In the case of hollowspherical particles, they may also contain liquids, e.g., water whichmay be removed from the hollow spheres in any additional physical stepssuch as drying, during and/or after use in the present invention. Theadvantage of hollow spheres lies in the lower specific gravity incomparison with filled spheres, among other things. Any object such aspaper or plastic produced therefrom will therefore also be lighter,which may be an advantage in shipping for example. Due to the closedhollow sphere or open hollow hemisphere, the result is an increasedamount of light scatter, which leads to an increased opacity, amongother things. Also, the closed hollow sphere, e.g., filled with air, hasa thermal insulation effect. This may be an advantage for use ininterior and exterior wall paint and coatings on buildings.

In a preferred embodiment, the equivalent diameter of the pigment and/orfiller particles is essentially in a range of more than 0.2 to about 100μm, e.g., from about 0.3 to about 100 μm, preferably in a range fromabout 0.3 to about 75 μm, more preferably in a range from about 0.3 toabout 50 μm, even more preferably in a range from about 0.3 to about 25μm, most preferably in a range from about 0.3 to about 15 μm, inparticular in a range from about 0.3 to about 12 μm.

The equivalent diameter of the organic pigment and/or filler particlesis preferably in a range of more than 0.2 to 25 μm, more preferably in arange from 0.3 to about 10 μm, e.g., in a range from about 0.5 to about1.5 μm, 0.25 to 1.5 μm or about 0.7 to about 1.1 μm, in particular fromabout 0.9 to about 1.0 μm.

Organic pigment and/or filler particles based on polystyrene, e.g., inthe form of polystyrene hollow spheres having a spherical equivalentdiameter of about 0.3 to about 2 μm, preferably about 0.7 to about 1.5μm, especially preferably about 0.9 to about 1.1 μm, e.g., about 1 μm or0.25 to 1.5 μm are especially advantageous in the present invention.

Inorganic pigment and/or filler particles based on talc, where about 95to 98 wt %, e.g., 96 wt % of the talc particles have a sphericalequivalent diameter of <10 μm, about 79 to 82 wt %, e.g., 80 wt % have aspherical equivalent diameter of <5 μm and about 43 to 46 wt %, e.g., 45wt % have a spherical equivalent diameter of less than 2 μm are alsoadvantageous.

The nano-calcium carbonate used for the coating may be syntheticprecipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) which may have vateritic, calciticor aragonitic crystal structure, for example.

The use of ground natural nano-calcium carbonate (ground calciumcarbonate, GCC), e.g., in the form or marble, limestone and/or chalkcontaining at least 95 wt %, preferably more than 98 wt % calciumcarbonate is especially preferred. Known pigments and/or fillers with alarge fraction in the nanometer range are distributed by OMYA, forexample.

In a special embodiment, about 90% to 100%, preferably 92% to 99%, morepreferably 94% to 98%, especially preferably 96% to 98%, e.g., 97±0.5%of the calcium carbonate particles, based on the number N of the calciumcarbonate particles, have a spherical equivalent diameter of less than200 nm, preferably less than 150 nm, even more preferably less than 100nm. The diameter is preferably in a range of 20 to 200 nm, 50 to 180 nmor 70 to 150 nm.

The particle size distribution was measured with the sedimentationmethod as described above using a Sedigraph 5100 apparatus from thecompany Micromeritics, USA and printed as a throughput summation curveusing an X-Y plotter, where the X axis indicates the particle diameteras the corresponding spherical equivalent diameter and the Y axisindicates the corresponding particle content in weight percent (see forexample P. Belger, Schweizerische Vereinigung der Lack- undFarben-Chemiker, XVII FATIPEC Congress, Lugano, Sep. 23-28, 1984).

The percentage of the particle count N % of nanoparticles was calculatedfrom the measurement results thus obtained using the following method:

The values are taken from the Sedigraph curve. The difference between 0and 0.2 μm yields the 0.1 μm value (100 nm), the difference between 0.2and 0.4 μm yields the 0.3 μm value (300 nm), etc. The sum of differencesis standardized to 100 mg and the quantities of each range arecalculated from this. In the calculation, it is assumed that theparticles are spherical and have a diameter d of the average of thedifference range. This is used to calculate the volume V of a particleV=0.5236d ³and then the weight W of a particle (divided by the specific density;for CaCO₃, this corresponds to 2.7 g/cm³)W=V/2.7

By dividing the particle weight, the number of particles can becalculated from the weight of the respective fraction and then used tocalculate the percentage distribution in N %.

If the calcium carbonate to be used does not yet have the desired orrequired fineness, i.e., particle size, it may be ground in one or morewet or dry grinding steps, preferably several grinding steps, e.g., twodry and/or wet steps, preferably aqueous grinding steps, to yield thecorresponding spherical equivalent diameter.

The grinding may be performed in any of the known grinding equipmentwith which those skilled in the art are familiar for grinding calciumcarbonate. Conventional ball mills are especially suitable for drygrinding; jet plate mills as well as attritor mills are suitable for wetgrinding and combinations of such mills or combinations of one or moresuch mills with cyclones and screens are also very suitable. Especiallyconventional attritor mills such as those distributed by the companyDynomill are suitable for wet grinding.

In the case of dry grinding, preferably ball mills are used andpreferably iron and/or porcelain beads with a diameter of 0.5 to 10 cmare used as grinding media, especially preferably iron-cylpebs with adiameter of 2.5 cm are used.

Grinding balls made of, e.g., zirconium silicate, zirconium dioxideand/or baddeleite with a diameter of 0.2 to 5 mm, preferably 0.2 to 2mm, but also 0.5 to 5 mm, e.g., 0.5 to 2 mm are preferred for wetgrinding. Quartz sand having an equivalent spherical diameter of 0.1 to2 mm may also be used.

The calcium carbonate particles in the nanometer range, however, arepreferably produced by wet grinding and/or are brought to the desiredequivalent diameter, in particular when the material is natural calciumcarbonate.

Both dry and wet grinding steps may be performed one after the other,but then the last grinding step is preferably a wet grinding.

The natural ground calcium carbonate may be dispersed and/or ground,e.g., in the form of an aqueous slurry in the presence of one or moregrinding aids and/or dispersants, preferably at a solids content of morethan 10 wt %, e.g., 15 to 30 wt %, preferably more than 30 wt %, morepreferably more than 50 wt %, e.g., at a solids content of 65 to 68 wt%, especially preferably more than 70 wt %, e.g., at a solids content of72 to 80 wt %.

Without grinding aids and/or dispersants, the calcium carbonate maypreferably be dispersed and/or ground at a solids content of up to 30 wt%, e.g., 15 to 30 wt %. At a solids content of more than 30 wt %, it maybe better to perform the dispersion and/or grinding in the presence ofgrinding aids and/or dispersants.

At concentrations of less than or equal to 30 wt %, wet grinding evenwithout chemical additives is also possible. Such products, as well ascalcium carbonate slurries having a low solids content of less than orequal to 60 wt %, for example, may preferably be concentrated byphysical means, e.g., by filter pressing and/or centrifuging and/orthermally and using one or more dispersants. Combinations of mechanicaland thermal concentration steps are especially preferred. The finalconcentration after the concentration steps is preferably greater than60 wt % solids content, especially preferably between 65 wt % and 78 wt%, e.g., 72±2 wt %.

For example, anionic grinding aids and/or dispersants may be used as thegrinding aids and/or dispersant, preferably selected from the groupcomprising homo- or copolymers of polycarboxylic acid salts based on,e.g., acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid oritaconic acid or mixtures thereof. Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylicacid such as those available from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Allied Colloids,Great Britain or COATEX, France are especially preferred. The molecularweight Mw of such products is preferably in the range of 200 to 15000; aMw of 3000 to 7000 is especially preferred. The molecular weight Mw ofsuch products, however, is also preferably in the range of 2000 to150000 g/mol; a Mw of 15000 to 50000 g/mol, e.g., 35000 to 45000 g/molis especially preferred. The molecular weight of the grinding aidsand/or dispersants is selected so that they act as parting agents ratherthan as binders. The polymers and/or copolymers may be neutralized withmonovalent and/or polyvalent cations or they may have free acid groups.Suitable monovalent cations include for example sodium, lithium,potassium and/or ammonium. Suitable polyvalent cations include forexample divalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, strontium ortrivalent cations such as aluminium. Sodium and magnesium are especiallypreferred. Grinding aids and/or dispersants such as sodiumpolyphosphates or sodium citrate may also be used to advantage eitheralone or in combination with others.

Especially in dry grinding, the grinding agents and/or dispersants usedmay also be selected from the group comprising glycols, polyglycols,e.g., polyethylene glycols, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide-ethyleneoxide block copolymers or alkanolamines, e.g., triethanolamine andtriisopropanolamine or a mixture thereof.

The dispersants and/or grinding aids may be used in an amount of about0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, based on the total dry weight of the composite,e.g., in dry grinding in an amount of about 0.01 to 0.5 wt %, preferably0.1 to 0.3 wt %. They are especially preferably used in an amount of 0.2to 1 mg/m² nanoparticle surface area, e.g., in an amount of 0.3 to 0.7mg/m² nanoparticle surface area.

In wet grinding, the dispersants and/or grinding aids are advantageouslypresent in an amount of about 0.05 to 2.0 wt %, preferably in an amountof 0.3 to 1.5 wt %, e.g., 1 wt %, but also in an amount of about 0.85 to0.95 wt %.

The grinding aids and/or dispersants support the grinding of the calciumcarbonate particles down to the nano range by reducing the viscosity ofthe slurry and thereby increasing the mobility and free path length ofthe particles to be ground and the grinding beads. This is alsoespecially advantageous in subsequent formation of the composite.

The viscosity of the slurry in wet grinding is preferably less than 2500mPa·s, more preferably less than 1500 mPa·s, in particular less than1000 mPa·s, or better yet, less than 500 mPa·s and especially preferablyin the range from 50 to 250 mPa·s, measured on a conventional Brookfieldviscometer, e.g., EV-2+ type with a disk spindle of 3 and 100 rpm.

It is also possible during grinding and/or dispersing to use othermonomeric or polymeric additives in addition to the grinding aids and/ordispersants, e.g., ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers (EAA) or saltsthereof alone or in combination. The ratio of acrylic acid monomers inthe copolymer with ethylene monomers is preferably 1:4 to 1:50,especially preferably 1:4 to 1:10 and especially 1:5. The preferred EAAsand/or their salts are those which in the neutralised form have a meltviscosity of 3000 to 25000 mPa·s, 15000 to 100000 mPa·s and 50000 to400000 mPa·s at 200, 170 and 140° C., respectively, preferably 3000 to7000 mPa·s, 15000 to 20000 mPa·s and 50000 to 100000 mPa·s at 200, 170and 140° C., respectively, and in particular have a melt viscosity of15000 to 25000 mPa·s, 50000 to 100000 mPa·s and 300000 to 400000 mPa·sat 200, 170 and 140° C., respectively.

An EAA copolymer having a melt viscosity of 24300 mPa·s at 200° C.,88300 mPa·s at 170° C. and 367000 mPa·s at 140° C. is especiallypreferred.

Commercially available EAAs that are very suitable and preferably havean acrylic acid content of 20 mol % are distributed by BASF, Germany,and Dow, USA, for example.

The use of EAA copolymers or their salts results in a partial tocomplete hydrophobisation of the pores of the substrate, e.g., thecoated paper and/or the pores of the composite itself so that wetting ofthe open pores of the paper and/or the coating and/or the composite bywater is reduced, controlled and/or prevented.

If the EAA salts are used, they are partially or completely neutralized,e.g., with amines, preferably selected from the group comprising2-amino-2-methyl-1 propanol, 3-amino-1-propanol,2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol and/or alkali metal ions such aspotassium, lithium and/or sodium or mixtures thereof, preferably sodium.For example, at least 70 mol % or at least 95 mol % of the carboxylicacid groups are neutralized.

EAAs and their salts may be used in an amount of 0.01 wt % to 10 wt %,based on the total dry weight of the composite, preferably 0.01 wt % to5 wt %, more preferably 0.05 to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, e.g., in anamount of 1.0 wt %.

The inventive composite preferably contains, based on the total dryweight of the composite, 5 to 95 wt %, more preferably 20 to 80 wt %,even more preferably 25 to 75 wt % pigment particles and/or fillerparticles. The inventive composite preferably contains 95 to 5 wt %,preferably 80 to 20 wt %, more preferably 75 to 25 wt % calciumcarbonate particles, based on the total dry weight of the composite.

The pigment particles and/or filler particles and the nano-calciumcarbonate are preferably used in a ratio of 1:20 to 20:1, especially ina ratio of 1:4 to 4:1, more preferably in a ratio of 1:3 to 3:1 or 1:2to 2:1 or also in a ratio of 1:1, based on the dry weight. The weightratio of inorganic and/or organic pigment and/or filler particles tonano-calcium carbonate is most especially preferably 3:1 or 1:3.

The binder used in the inventive composite consists of a copolymer,comprising as monomers one or more dicarboxylic acids and one or moremonomers from the group of diamines, triamines, dialkanolamines ortrialkanolamines.

It facilitates adhesion of the nanoparticles to the surface of themicroparticles.

Preferably saturated or unsaturated branched or unbranched C₂-C₁₀dicarboxylic acids, preferably C₃-C₉ dicarboxylic acids, C₄-C₈dicarboxylic acids, C₅-C₇ dicarboxylic acids, especially adipic acid areused as the dicarboxylic acid monomers.

Linear and branched chain substituted and unsubstituted diamines andtriamines are especially suitable as the second monomer of the binderpolymer, especially N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine. Dialkanolaminesand trialkanolamines that are preferred for use include for examplediethanolamine, N-alkyldialkanolamines, such as N-methyl- andN-ethyldiethanolamine and triethanolamine.

To control and regulate the molecular weight, i.e., the chain length,one or more monovalent amines such as monoalkanolamines may be usedduring polycondensation. Monoethanolamine is preferably used.

In a preferred embodiment within the scope of the present invention, acopolymer that is also crosslinked with epichlorohydrin is used as thebinder.

In an especially preferred embodiment of the present invention, acopolymer of adipic acid with N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine andepichlorohydrin is used as the binder.

The binder may also contain other aids for copolymerization or otherconventional aids and additives, e.g., isocyanates.

Based on the total dry weight of the composite, the binder isadvantageously present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 10 wt %,preferably about 0.3 to about 5 wt %, especially preferably about 0.5 toabout 3 wt %.

Another aspect of this invention is a method for manufacturing theinventive composite, wherein the pigment microparticles and/or fillermicroparticles, the nano-calcium carbonate composition, and the binderare provided and mixed. The binder here is either added to the pigmentand/or filler particles or to the calcium carbonate composition and theresulting mixture is combined with the respective second component andhomogenized.

In an alternative aspect, pigment particles and/or filler particles arefirst mixed with the calcium carbonate composition and the resultingreaction mixture is combined with the binder and homogenized.

However, an aqueous solution or slurry of the binder may also beprovided first with the pigment microparticles and/or fillermicroparticles being added first to the aqueous solution or slurry andthen the nano-calcium carbonate composition being added, or with thenano-calcium carbonate composition being added first and the then thepigment microparticles and/or filler microparticles being added and thenhomogenized.

In principle, both the pigment microparticles and/or fillermicroparticles as well as the nano-calcium carbonate composition may beused either dry or as an aqueous slurry. If the pigment and/or fillermicroparticles and the nano-calcium carbonate composition are used dry,however, enough water must be used first to yield an aqueous slurry.

The nano-calcium carbonate composition is usually provided in the formof an aqueous slurry, while the pigment microparticles and/or fillermicroparticles may be used in solid form or in the form of an aqueousslurry. The inorganic pigment and/or filler microparticles are oftenpreferably used in solid form and the organic pigment and/or fillermicroparticles are often preferably used as an aqueous slurry.

The term “solid” as used here is not necessarily to be understood asmeaning “dry.” The term “solid” should be used to describe only theconsistency of the substance used, which may have a considerablemoisture content. For example, a mixture of 80 wt % inorganic pigmentmicroparticles and/or filler microparticles with 20 wt % water maynevertheless have a solid consistency.

The binder is preferably provided in the form of an aqueous slurry,especially preferably as a solution.

To ensure better dispersion, one or more dispersants may also be addedto each of the slurries or mixtures, e.g., in the form of a powder or anaqueous solution. The dispersant(s) may be added, for example, afteraddition of the binder to the resulting reaction mixture or beforeaddition of the binder to the pigment and/or filler particles or beforethe addition of the calcium carbonate composition to the component towhich the binder is subsequently added or the component that is mixedin.

Advantageous dispersants include, for example, polyacrylic acid saltssuch as the sodium salt, sodium polyphosphate or polyacrolein/acrylatecopolymers.

In addition, however, cationic and/or amphoteric polymeric dispersantsmay also be added, e.g., polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride(PolyDADMAC) or copolymers of acrylic acid with cationic monomers ormixtures of such dispersants. Such products are described, for example,in DE 40 18 162 and are available from the company Stockhausen GmbH,Krefeld under the name Prästol, for example.

These dispersants may additionally be added to the binder in an amountof 0.01 wt % to 1 wt %, based on the total dry weight of the composite,preferably in an amount of 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, e.g., 0.25 wt %. Theysupport the adsorption of the binder.

Mixing and homogenizing the slurry of the pigment and/or fillerparticles and/or the calcium carbonate composition including theadmixture and stirring of the binder may be performed with aPendraulik-type stirrer, for example, with a toothed disk with adiameter of 3.5 cm as the stirrer, preferably at room temperature.

It is likewise possible to mix and homogenize the slurries in particularwhen the pigment and/or filler particles are first combined with thebinder by using a ploughshare mixer. Ploughshare mixers functionaccording to the principle of the mechanically produced fluidized bed.Ploughshare blades rotate close to the inside wall of a horizontalcylindrical drum and convey the components of the mixture out of theproduct bed into the open mixing space. The mechanically producedfluidized bed ensures an intense mixing effect even with large batchesin a very short period of time. Choppers and/or dispersers are used todisperse lumps when operating dry. The equipment used is available fromthe company Gebrüder Lödige Maschinenbau GmbH, Paderborn, Germany.

If the slurry of the calcium carbonate composition is not added untilthe pigment and/or filler particles have already been pretreated withthe binder, this may be accomplished, for example, by means of a tubularmixing apparatus, e.g., by pumping the slurry with the help of acentrifugal pump through the tubular mixing apparatus and continuouslyintroducing the slurry of pretreated pigment and/or filler particlesinto the tubular mixing apparatus through an intake tube. Such a tubularmixing apparatus is available, for example from Ystral GmbH,Ballrechten-Dottingen, Germany.

Mixing is performed at a room temperature of about 20° C. to 25° C.Heating during the production process, e.g., due to friction during thedispersion process need not be counteracted. For example, thetemperature during the process may usually be 20° C. 20 to 90° C.,preferably between 20° C. and 70° C.

A combination of various mixing systems may also be used.

The composites obtained by the inventive production process may be driedso that the composite is obtained as solids, but they may also beprocessed further as a slurry and as a renewed aqueous slurry of thedried composite so that not only the inventive composite per se but alsoan aqueous slurry thereof constitutes an aspect of the presentinvention.

The water content of the composite slurries obtained by the inventiveproduction process can be reduced, e.g., thermally, e.g., with a spraydryer or a microwave or in an oven or mechanically, e.g., by filtrationso that the composite is obtained as a dry or moist solid, e.g., in theform of a filter cake. To obtain a dried composite, it is dried forexample in an oven at 105° C. until reaching a constant weight.

Additional aspects of the present invention constitute the usepossibilities of the composite whether in a solid, moist or dry state oras an aqueous slurry.

Thus one of the main uses of the composite or a slurry thereof is itsuse as a filler or pigment, e.g., in paper and/or as a coating pigment,but not in the production or processing of thermal paper, if thecomposite contains organic microparticles.

The composite may be used as a filler or pigment in papermaking or inpaper finishing, e.g., in coating paper, but not thermal paper if thecomposite contains organic microparticles.

In papermaking, the composite is preferably used in amounts of 0.5 to 50wt %, preferably 1 to 30 wt %, based on the total weight of the paper.In paper finishing, e.g., in coating paper, preferably amounts of theinventive composite of 0.5 to 100 g/m² are used, preferably 2 to 50g/m², especially preferably 5 to 25 g/m² per side of paper.

The composite may also be used in multiply coated systems, e.g., in thepre-coating and/or intermediate coating and/or top coating and/or singlecoating. If the composite is a pre-coating and/or intermediate coating,another application of coating may be applied thereto using conventionalpigments with which those skilled in the art are familiar. The compositemay be used for paper coated on one or both sides, in which case one ormore of the coats on one or both sides will contain the composite.

The paper which is coated on one or both sides or is uncoated may becalendered paper as well as uncalendered paper.

Through a targeted choice of the composite with regard to itscomposition and size, the pore volume of the paper and/or the coatingmay also be varied by coverage or noncoverage by the compositeparticles, e.g., enlarged and controlled, in which case such a use ofthe inventive composites, if they contain organic microparticles, doesnot extend to the field of thermal papers, their production orprocessing.

The inventive composite may also be used together with otherconventional pigments and/or fillers if its use does not pertain to thefield of thermal paper, their production or processing if the compositecontains organic microparticles.

The subject of the present invention thus also includes fillers orpigments comprising an inventive composite or a slurry thereof.

Another aspect of the present invention is the use in production ofpaints or plastics, e.g., to increase the opacity of paints or plastics.The composites here comprising hollow spherical organic microparticlesmay in particular also induce an increase in the thermal insulationeffect.

Likewise, the inventive composites may also be used to reduce the sheenbecause of their structure. The term “sheen” is understood to refer to agloss formed when a surface is observed at a very shallow angle; thisoften has a very irritating effect on the observer. To reduce sheen, avery diverse scattering is required, which can be provided by theinventive composites.

The inventive composites may also be used in sealing substances, e.g.,as thickeners or viscosity control agents.

Due to the platelet-like structure of the inorganic micropigments and/ormicrofillers such as talc and/or mica and the surface properties ofcalcium carbonate, the inventive composite allows the use of a“platelet-like calcium carbonate” for example.

Due to the hollow spherical structure of the organic micropigmentsand/or fillers such as polystyrene hollow beads and the surfaceproperties of calcium carbonate, the inventive composite also allows theuse of a “light calcium carbonate” in plastics and paints, for example,which may be advantageous in aeronautical engineering, for example.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of theinventive composite or a slurry thereof as a filtration aid, eitheralone as a filter layer or in or on a natural and/or synthetic carriermaterial such as cotton fibres, cellulose fibres and polyamide fibres.Due to the porous structure and low segregation of the composites, thisyields an optimal liquid transfer with a good retention power ofsuspended particulate matter at the same time.

The present invention thus also relates to a filtration aid comprisingan inventive composite or a slurry thereof.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a coating colourcomprising an inventive composite but not for use in production orprocessing of thermal paper if the composite contains organicmicroparticles.

Such a coating colour preferably has a solids content of 25 to 75 wt %solids, more preferably 30 to 60 wt % solids, especially preferably 30to 40 wt % solids. The amount of composite based on the total solidscontent of the coating colour may be 3 to 97 wt %, preferably between 10and 90 wt %. It is especially preferably 85±10 wt %.

In view of the excellent binding properties of the inventive binders inthe inventive composites, especially with regard to the surprisinglygood binding of the nanoparticles of the calcium carbonate on themicroparticle surface, finally another aspect of the present inventioninvolves the use of a copolymer comprising as monomers one or moredicarboxylic acids and one or more monomers from the group of diamines,triamines, dialkanolamines or trialkanolamines for at least partialcoating of pigment and/or filler particles with a composition comprisingnano-calcium carbonate such as those described above. Use of a copolymerof adipic acid with N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine andepichlorohydrin as the binder is especially preferred.

The figures described below and the examples and experiments serve toillustrate the present invention and should not restrict it in any way.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The figures described below are scanning electron micrographs (SEM) ofthe various mixtures of the state of the art and inventive composites.The mixtures and the inventive composites were adjusted to aconcentration of 20 wt % in water using an ultraturrax. A few drops(approximately 100 mg) were diluted in 250 mL distilled water andfiltered through 0.2 μm pore membrane filter. Preparations obtained onthe membrane filter in this way were sputtered with gold and evaluatedin the SEM at various enlargements.

FIG. 1 shows an SEM of a preparation of a mixture of nano-calciumcarbonate and organic microparticles without a binder.

FIG. 2 shows the SEM of another preparation of a mixture of nano-calciumcarbonate and organic microparticles without a binder.

FIG. 3 shows the SEM of a preparation of a mixture of nano-calciumcarbonate and inorganic microparticles without a binder.

FIG. 4 shows the SEM of a preparation of a mixture of nano-calciumcarbonate and inorganic microparticles without a binder.

FIG. 5 shows the SEM of a preparation of an inventive composite oforganic microparticles, nano-calcium carbonate and a binder.

FIG. 6 shows the SEM of a preparation of another inventive composite oforganic microparticles, nano-calcium carbonate and a binder.

FIG. 7 shows the SEM of a preparation of another inventive composite oforganic microparticles, nano-calcium carbonate and a binder.

FIG. 8 shows the SEM of a preparation of another inventive composite ofinorganic microparticles, nano-calcium carbonate and a binder.

FIG. 9 shows the SEM of a preparation of another inventive composite ofinorganic microparticles, nano-calcium carbonate and a binder.

FIG. 10 shows the SEM of a preparation of another inventive composite ofinorganic microparticles, nano-calcium carbonate and a binder.

FIG. 11 shows the SEM of a preparation of another inventive composite oforganic microparticles, nano-calcium carbonate and a binder.

EXAMPLES Production and Description of Nanoparticles that can be UsedAccording to the Present Invention

The production of nano-calcium carbonate compositions suitable for theinventive composites is described below.

Nano-calcium carbonate composition 1 was ground continuously usingNorwegian marble preground in a conventional ball mill in a dry processto yield a spherical equivalent diameter of 45 μm by wet grinding in avertical 160 liter attritor ball mill in two passes using a total of0.85 wt % sodium/magnesium polyacrylate with a Mw of about 6000 g/mol,based on the total dry weight of the composite as dispersant/grindingaid, at a solids content of 72 wt % to yield the following sizedistribution:

Number (N) of Diameter (nm) particles in N % Wt % <200 97.4 23.6 200-4002.0 22.4 400-600 0.4 18.7 600-800 0.1 14  800-1000 >0.1 9.3

The Brookfield viscosity of the slurry obtained after wet grinding was285 mPa·s.

The grinding beads that were used, made of zirconium silicate andbaddeleite were 0.5 to 2 mm in size.

Nano-calcium carbonate composition 2 was ground continuously usingNorwegian marble preground dry in a conventional ball mill to aspherical equivalent diameter of 45 μm by wet grinding in a vertical 160liter attritor ball mill in two passes using a total of 0.85 wt %sodium/magnesium polyacrylate with a Mw of about 6000 g/mol, based onthe total dry weight of the composite as dispersant/grinding aid, and 1wt % polyethylene-polyacrylic acid copolymer sodium salt (from Primacor5880 I, DOW, neutralized at 95° C. with an equivalent amount of NaOH,based on the carboxylic acid groups) based on the total dry weight ofthe composite, at a solids content of 72 wt % to yield the followingsize distribution:

Number (N) of Diameter (nm) particles in N % Wt % <200 96.5 26.1 200-4002.7 20 400-600 0.5 17.8 600-800 0.1 13.3  800-1000 <0.1 8.9

The Brookfield viscosity of the slurry obtained after production was 450mPa·s.

The grinding beads that were used, made of zirconium silicate andbaddeleite were 0.5 to 2 mm in size.

Nano-calcium carbonate composition 3 was ground continuously usingNorwegian marble with a spherical equivalent diameter of 45 μm by wetgrinding in a vertical 1500-liter attritor ball mill in two passes usinga total of 0.95 wt % sodium/magnesium polyacrylate with a Mw of about6000 g/mol, based on the total dry weight of the composite asdispersant/grinding aid, at a solids content of 75 wt % to yield thefollowing size distribution:

Number (N) of Diameter (nm) particles in N % Wt % <200 97.4 34.3 200-4002.0 19.2 400-600 0.4 17.9 600-800 0.1 11.7  800-1000 >0.1 6.5

The Brookfield viscosity of the slurry obtained after production was 285mPa·s.

The grinding beads that were used, made of zirconium silicate andbaddeleite were 0.5 to 2 mm in size.

Nano-calcium carbonate composition 4 was produced continuously by usingSouthern French limestone from Provence having a spherical equivalentdiameter of 45 μm by wet grinding in a horizontal stirred mill (Dynomill1.4 liter content) using a total 0.45 wt % sodium/magnesium polyacrylatewith a Mw of about 6000 g/mol, based on the total dry weight of thelimestone as dispersant/grinding aid, with a solids content of 65 wt %to yield the following size distribution:

Number (N) of Diameter (nm) particles in N % Wt % <200 97.1 17.4 200-4002.2 10.5 400-600 0.5 10.9 600-800 0.2 9.4  800-1000 0.1 8.5

The Brookfield viscosity of the slurry obtained after production was 285mPa·s.

The grinding beads that were used, made of zirconium silicate andbaddeleite were 0.5 to 2 mm in size.

Then the slurry was dried using a spray drier (supplier: NIRO Co.) at astarting temperature of 105° C. The moisture content after drying was<0.3 wt % water.

Description of Microparticles that can be Used According to theInvention

Organic Microparticles 1: Ropaque HP-1055 Slurry (Rohm & Haas):

-   -   Particle size: relatively uniform 1.0 μm    -   The particle size was determined by SEM.    -   Solids content: 27 wt % (determined at 120° C., 2 hours in an        oven)        Organic Microparticles 2: Polyethylene Dispersion    -   Particle size: about 0.25-1.5 μm    -   The particle size was estimated visually by SEM.    -   Solids content: 25.1 wt % (determined at 120° C., 2 hours in an        oven)        Inorganic Microparticles 1: Finntalc C 10 Slurry (MONDO        Minerals, Finland):

Particle size: 95 wt % <10 μm 80 wt % <5 μm 45 wt % <2 μm

-   -   The particle size was determined by the sedimentation method        using a    -   Sedigraph 5100, Micromeritics, USA.    -   Solids content: 61.5 wt % (determined at 120° C., 2 hours in an        oven)        Inorganic Microparticles 2: Finntalc P 05 Powder, MONDO        Minerals, Finland

Particle size: 96 wt % <10 μm 79 wt % <5 μm 43 wt % <2 μm

-   -   The particle size was determined by the sedimentation method        using a Sedigraph 5100, Micromeritics, USA.    -   Moisture content: <0.5 wt % water (determined at 120° C., 2        hours in an oven)        Description of Binders that can be Used According to the Present        Invention        Binder 1    -   15±0.5 wt % aqueous solution of a copolymer of adipic acid with        N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine and epichlorohydrin having        the following characteristics:        -   Total chlorine content: about 1.5 wt %        -   Organic chlorine content: <0.5 wt %        -   Mw>1000 g/mol        -   Brookfield viscosity of the aqueous solution: 80 mPa·s±30            mPa·s (Brookfield type EV-2+, disk spindle 3, 100 rpm)        -   pH 3.0    -   Such products can be produced by two-step synthesis in the        manner familiar to those skilled in the art for organic        synthesis. Production takes place, for example, by producing an        intermediate product consisting of the reaction product of        diethylenetriamine, mono-ethanolamine and adipic acid in        distilled water. In a second reaction, the resulting        intermediate is reacted with epichlorohydrin using sulphuric        acid and potassium sorbate as the catalyst to yield the end        product, diluted with water to a solids content of 12 to 20 wt %        and the pH is adjusted to pH 3 with more sulphuric acid. Such        copolymers are sold by the company Lanxess, Germany and the        company Mare in Italy, e.g., as Nadavin, e.g., Nadavin DHN        (15%).        Binder 2    -   60±0.5 wt % active aqueous solution of a copolymer of adipic        acid with N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine with the following        characteristics:        -   Brookfield viscosity of the 60 wt % aqueous solution: 1300            mPa·s±100 mPa·s (Brookfield type EV-2+, disk spindle 3, 100            rpm)        -   Acid number: 12 mg KOH/g solids        -   Colour number according to Gardner: 4        -   pH 8.9    -   Such products can be produced by a one-step synthesis process in        the manner with which those skilled in the art are familiar for        organic synthesis. Production for this invention takes place by        reacting 300.0 g diethanoltriamine, 18.7 g monoethanolamine and        446.9 g adipic acid in 439.4 g distilled water. The        monoethanolamine is added slowly in portions to the        diethanoltriamine. During this addition, the temperature is kept        at 110° C. to 120° C. If the exothermic reaction is concluded,        the reaction mixture is heated slowly to 160° C. to 170° C.,        taking into account the steam temperature of max. 103° C. At        this temperature the mixture is cooked to an acid number of        about 20 mg KOH/g. Then it is cooled to 130° C. and distilled        water is added cautiously in small portions until the solids        content is 60 wt %.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Comparative Experiment 1 Mixture of Organic Particles1 and Nano-Calcium Carbonate Composition 3

473.3 g of nano-calcium carbonate composition 3 was mixed with 438.2 gof the slurry of organic microparticles 1 in a Pendraulik agitator witha toothed disk with a diameter of 3.5 cm as the stirrer and a stirrerspeed of 7500 rpm at a starting temperature of 22° C. for 15 minuteswhile stirring. The final temperature after mixing was 45° C.

The resulting mixture had the following characteristics:

-   -   Brookfield viscosity measured after 5 min/60 min/120 min:        77/79/81 mPa·s    -   pH 8.23    -   Solids content: 52.22 wt %

FIG. 1 shows clearly that the nano-calcium carbonate is segregated fromthe organic microparticles. Only a small portion of the 75 wt %nano-calcium carbonate can be seen in the SEM.

A filter test was performed to illustrate the segregation tendency bypreparing 200 mL of a slurry with 0.5 wt % solids content of thenanoparticle/microparticle mixture and filtering the slurry using amembrane filter with a pore diameter of 0.2 μm (pressure: about 25 mbar,water suction pump; room temperature). The time to filter 200 mL wasmeasured. When segregation occurs, nano-calcium carbonate passes throughthe pores first but over a period of time a secondary filter cake formson the membrane filter and blocks the pores.

Filtering time: >24 hours. After 10 hours, there was still 90 mL ofslurry to be filtered.

The filtering time shows clearly the segregation of nanoparticles andmicroparticles.

Comparative Experiment 2 Mixture of Organic Microparticles 2 andNano-Calcium Carbonate Composition 3

900 g, based on the dry matter of nano-calcium carbonate composition 3was mixed while stirring with 100 g, based on the dry matter of theslurry of organic microparticles 2 in the Pendraulik stirrer with atoothed disk having a diameter of 3.5 cm as the stirrer at a stirrerspeed of 7500 rpm, at a starting temperature of 22° C. for 15 minutes.The final temperature after mixing was 40° C.

The resulting mixture had a solids content of 62.5 wt %.

FIG. 2 shows clearly that the nano-calcium carbonate is segregated fromthe organic microparticles. Only a small portion of the 90 wt %nano-calcium carbonate can be seen in the SEM.

Comparative Experiment 3 Mixture of Inorganic Microparticles 2 andCalcium Carbonate Ground Jointly

A mixture of

-   -   47.0 wt % Norwegian marble ground dry in a conventional ball        mill to an average spherical particle diameter of 45 μm    -   23.3 wt % microparticle 2    -   28.9 wt % water    -   0.4 wt % sodium polyacrylate solution as a grinding aid    -   0.4 wt % potassium-neutralized (acrylic acid/butyl acrylate)        copolymer solution as dispersant        was ground to the following grain size distribution by wet        grinding in a horizontal stirred ball mill from the company        Dynomill having a capacity of 2 liters:

Particle size: 99 wt % <10 μm 76 wt % <2 μm 51 wt % <1 μm 12 wt % <0.2μm

The particle size was determined by the sedimentation method using aSedigraph 5100 from Micromeritics, USA.

-   -   Brookfield viscosity measured after 5 min/60 min/120 min:        182/194/210 mPa·s    -   pH 9.4    -   Solids content: 69.8 wt %

FIG. 3 shows clearly that the nano-calcium carbonate is segregated fromthe inorganic microparticles.

A filter test was performed to illustrate the segregation tendency bypreparing 200 mL of a slurry with 0.5 wt % solids content of the jointlyground mixture and filtering the slurry through a membrane filter with apore diameter of 0.2 μm (pressure: about 25 mbar, water suction pump;room temperature). The time required to filter 200 mL was measured. Whensegregation occurs, nano-calcium carbonate first pass through the poresbut over a period of time a secondary filter cake forms on the membranefilter and blocks the pores.

Filtering time: >24 hours. After 12 hours, there was still 50 mL ofslurry to be filtered.

The filtering time shows clearly the segregation of nanoparticles andmicroparticles.

Comparative Experiment 4 Mixture of Inorganic Microparticles andNano-Calcium Carbonate Composition 1

753.4 g of nano-calcium carbonate composition 1 was mixed with 882.0 gof the slurry of inorganic microparticles 1 while stirring in thePendraulik stirrer with a toothed disk having a diameter of 3.5 cm asthe stirrer at a stirring speed of 7500 rpm, at a starting temperatureof 22° C. for 15 minutes. The final temperature after mixing was 48° C.

The resulting mixture had the following characteristics:

-   -   Brookfield viscosity measured after 5 min/60 min/120 min:        142/138/138 mPa·s    -   pH 8.28    -   Solids content: 66.5 wt %

It can be seen clearly in FIG. 4 that the nano-calcium carbonate issegregated from the inorganic microparticles. Only a small portion ofthe 50 wt % nano-calcium carbonate can be seen in the SEM.

A filter test was performed to illustrate the segregation tendency bypreparing 200 mL of a slurry with 0.5 wt % solids content of thenanoparticle/microparticle mixture and filtering the slurry using amembrane filter with a pore diameter of 0.2 μm (pressure: about 25 mbar,water suction pump; room temperature). The time required to filter 200mL was measured. When segregation occurs, nano-calcium carbonate firstpasses through the pores but over time a secondary filter cake forms onthe membrane filter and blocks the pores.

Filtering time: >24 hours. After 10 hours there was still 70 mL ofslurry to be filtered.

The filtering time clearly shows the segregation of nanoparticles andmicroparticles.

Inventive Examples Example 2 Composites of Organic Microparticles,Nano-Calcium Carbonate Compositions and Binder 1 Experiment 5 Compositeof 25 Wt % Organic Microparticles 1 and 75 Wt % Nano-Calcium CarbonateComposition 3

2100 g of the nano-calcium carbonate composition 3 was placed in thePendraulik and 1944.4 g of the slurry of organic microparticles 1 wasstirred into the composition during 2 minutes. The solids content wasdiluted with water to a concentration of 50 wt %; 272.7 g binder 1 as anaqueous solution with a solids content of 15.4 wt % was stirred intothis mixture during another 2 minutes and diluted with water to a solidscontent of 35 wt %. The resulting reaction mixture was sheared for 15minutes, whereby after half of the shearing time, the pH was adjusted to9 with 10 wt % NaOH and dispersed with 0.525 wt %, based on the totalsolids content of a 42 wt % active aqueous solution of a sodium salt ofpolyacrylic acid (Mw: about 4000 g/mol; pH 8.5). The Pendraulik stirrerwas equipped with a toothed disk having a diameter of 3.5 cm and thestirring speed was 7500 rpm. The starting temperature was 21° C. and thefinal temperature after the 15-minute shearing time was 38° C.

The resulting composite slurry had the following characteristics:

-   -   Brookfield viscosity measured after 5 min/60 min/120 min:        610/580/583 mPa·s    -   pH 9.04    -   Solids content: 35.1 wt %

FIG. 5 shows clearly that the nano-calcium carbonate is not segregatedfrom the organic microparticles and is on the surface of the organicmicroparticles. It is easy to see that the pore volume in example 2,experiment 5 has been increased significantly in comparison with that inexample 1, experiment 1.

A filter test was performed to illustrate the segregation tendency bypreparing 200 mL of a slurry with 0.5 wt % solids content of thenanoparticle/microparticle mixture and filtering the slurry using amembrane filter with a pore diameter of 0.2 μm (pressure: about 25 mbar,water suction pump; room temperature). The time required to filter 200mL was measured. When segregation occurs, nano-calcium carbonate firstpasses through the pores but over a period of time a secondary filtercake forms on the membrane filter and blocks the pores.

Filtering time: 1.5 hours.

The filtering time shows clearly that the segregation of nanoparticlesand microparticles was reduced significantly. Almost no secondary filtercake of nano-calcium carbonate was formed on the membrane filterblocking the pores. The filtration time was very short due to the openstructure of the composite in comparison with experiment 1 of example 1,

Experiment 6 Composite of 50 wt % Organic Microparticles 1 and 50 wt %Nano-Calcium Carbonate Composition 3

1457 g nano-calcium carbonate composition 3 was placed in a Pendraulikstirrer and 4047 g of the slurry of organic microparticles 1 was stirredinto the composition. The solids content was diluted with water to aconcentration of 40%. To this mixture was added 283.8 g binder 1 as anaqueous solution with a solids content of 15.4 wt % and diluted withdistilled water to 30 wt %. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15minutes, whereupon the pH was adjusted to 9 with 10 wt % NaOH at thestart of the stirring time and the mixture was dispersed with 0.3 wt %,based on the total solids content of a 42 wt % active aqueous solutionof a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid (Mw: about 4000 g/mol; pH 8.5),based on the total solids. The Pendraulik stirrer was equipped with atooth disk having a diameter of 3.5 cm as the stirrer. The stirringspeed was 7500 rpm. At the start the temperature was 22° C. During the15-minute stirring, the temperature of the slurry rose to a finaltemperature of 42° C.

The resulting composite slurry had the following characteristics:

-   -   Brookfield viscosity measured after 5 min/60 min/120 min:        459/574/616 mPa·s    -   pH 9.03    -   Solids content: 28.9 wt %

FIG. 6 shows clearly that the nano-calcium carbonate is not segregatedfrom the organic microparticles and is on the surface of the organicmicroparticles. It is easy to see that the pore volume in example 2,experiment 6 has been increased significantly in comparison with that inexample 1, experiment 1.

Experiment 7 Composite of 9 wt % Organic Microparticles 1 and 91 wt %Nano-Calcium Carbonate Composition 4

a) Step 1: Producing an Intermediate of Nano-Calcium CarbonateComposition 4 with Binder 1

2500 g nano-calcium carbonate composition 4 was placed in a 1 Lploughshare mixer, Lödige brand, Germany, and 324.7 g aqueous solutionof binder 1 was added within 10 minutes while the mixer was running andthen homogenized for another 10 minutes. The solids content of theintermediate was 90.2 wt % after addition of binder 1 and the mixturehad a solid powdery consistency.

b) Step 2. Producing the Composite of Nano-Calcium CarbonateIntermediate and Organic Microparticles 1

111 g of the slurry of microparticles 1 was placed in the Pendraulikstirrer and 332.6 g of the nano-calcium carbonate intermediate from stepa) was added and diluted with water to a concentration of 46 wt %, andthe components were thereby costructured.

The resulting composite slurry had the following characteristics:

-   -   Brookfield viscosity 2 hours after production: 795 mPa·s    -   pH 7.6    -   Solids content: 46.7 wt %

In comparison with the mixture, good surface coverage of themicroparticles by nano-calcium carbonate was observed with the inventivecomposite in the scanning electron micrograph.

Experiment 8 Composite of 10 Wt % Organic Microparticles 2 and 90 Wt %Nano-Calcium Carbonate Composition 3

1800 g, based on the dry matter of the nano-calcium carbonatecomposition 3 was placed in the Pendraulik mixer and 200 g, based on thedry matter of the slurry of the organic microparticles 2, was stirred inover a period of 2 minutes. The solids content was diluted with water toa concentration of 50 wt %. Into this mixture was stirred 5.0 wt %,based on the total solids content of nanoparticles and microparticles,of binder 1 as an aqueous solution with a solids content of 15.4 wt %,over an additional 2 minutes and then the mixture was diluted with waterto a solids content of 40 wt %. The resulting reaction mixture wassheared for 15 minutes, the pH was adjusted to 9 with 10 wt % NaOH afterhalf of the shearing time and the mixture was dispersed with 1 wt %,based on the total solids content of a 40 wt % active aqueous solutionof a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid (Mw: about 4000 g/mol, pH 8.5). ThePendraulik stirrer was equipped with a toothed disk having a diameter of3.5 cm and the stirrer speed was 7500 rpm. The starting temperature was23° C. and the final temperature after the 15 minutes shearing time was42° C.

The resulting composite slurry had the following characteristics:

-   -   pH 9.0    -   Solids content: 40.9 wt %

FIG. 7 shows clearly that the nano-calcium carbonate is not segregatedfrom the organic microparticles and is on the surface of the organicmicroparticles.

Example 3 Composites of Inorganic Microparticles, Nano-Calcium CarbonateComposition and Binder 1 Experiment 9 Composite of 50 Wt % InorganicMicroparticles 2 and 50 Wt % Nano-Calcium Carbonate Composition 1

a) Step 1: Preparing an Intermediate of Microparticles 2 with Binder 1

400 kg inorganic microparticles 2 were placed in a ploughshare mixer,model FKM 2000 D, Lödige, Germany, and 53.3 kg aqueous solution ofbinder 1 was added within 10 minutes with the stirrer running and thenhomogenized for another 10 minutes. The solids content of theintermediate was 88 wt % after adding the binder 1 and had a solidpowder consistency.

b) Step 2: Preparing the Composite of Intermediate and Nano-CalciumCarbonate Composition 1

522.6 kg nano-calcium carbonate composition 1 and 388 kg water for asolids content of 41.63 wt % were mixed in a 2 m³ container. Then 8.9 kgof a 42 wt % active aqueous solution of a sodium salt of polyacrylicacid (Mw: about 4000 g/mol, pH 8.5) and 3 kg 10 wt % NaOH were added.The slurry was pumped with the help of a centrifugal pump through atubular mixing apparatus and 427.5 kg of the intermediate product fromstep 1 with a solids content of 88 wt % was introduced continuouslythrough an intake pipe at the side into the tubular mixing apparatusover a period of 2 minutes and the intermediate was brought in contactwith the slurry. Then the resulting slurry was circulated again for 8minutes.

Next the material was screened directly into a container through a 104μm screen.

The resulting composite slurry had the following characteristics:

5 days after production: Brookfield viscosity measured after 5 min/60min/120 min: 76/75/77 mPa · s pH 8.65 Solids content: 58.6 wt %

It can be seen clearly from FIG. 8 that the nano-calcium carbonate isnot segregated from the inorganic microparticles and is on the surfaceof the inorganic microparticles. It can readily be seen that the porevolume in example 3, experiment 9 has been increased significantly incomparison with that in example 1, experiment 4.

A filter test was performed to illustrate the segregation tendency bypreparing 200 mL of the slurry with 0.5 wt % solids content of thenanoparticle/microparticle mixture and filtering the slurry using amembrane filter with a pore diameter of 0.2 Mm (pressure: about 25 mbar,water suction pump; room temperature). The time required to filter 200mL was measured. When segregation occurs, nano-calcium carbonate firstpasses through the pores but over a period of time a secondary filtercake forms on the membrane filter and blocks the pores.

Filtering time: 6.0 Hours.

The filtering time shows clearly that the segregation of nanoparticlesand microparticles was greatly reduced. Almost no secondary filter cakeof nano-calcium carbonate is formed on the membrane filter, blocking thepores. The filtration time is very short owing to the open structure ofthe composite in comparison with experiment 4 of example 1.

Experiment 10 Composite of 50 Wt % Inorganic Microparticles 2 and 50 Wt% Nano-Calcium Carbonate Composition 2

a) Step 1: Preparing an Intermediate of Microparticles 2 with Binder 1

400 kg inorganic microparticles 2 were placed in a ploughshare mixer,model FKM 2000 D, Lödige, Germany and 53.3 kg aqueous solution of binder1 was added within 10 minutes with the stirrer running and homogenizedfor another 10 minutes. The solids content of the intermediate was 88 wt% after adding the binder 1.

b) Step 2: Preparing the Composite of Intermediate and Nano-CalciumCarbonate Composition 2

518.3 kg nano-calcium carbonate composition 2 and 348 kg water weremixed in a 2 m³ container. Then 3.6 kg of a 42 wt % active aqueoussolution of a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid (Mw: about 4000 g/mol, pH8.5) and 1.35 kg 10 wt % NaOH were added while stirring. The slurry waspumped with the help of a centrifugal pump through a tubular mixingapparatus and 424 kg of the intermediate from step 1 having a solidscontent of 88 wt % was added continuously to the tubular mixingapparatus from the side through an intake tube and mixed.

Then the mixture was screened directly into a container through a 104 μmscreen.

The resulting composite slurry had the following characteristics:

5 days after production: Brookfield viscosity measured after 5 min/60min/120 min: 422/405/409 mPa · s pH 8.3 Solids content: 58.35 wt %

FIG. 9 shows clearly that the nano-calcium carbonate is not segregatedfrom the inorganic microparticles and is on the surface of the inorganicmicroparticles. It is easy to see that the pore volume in example 3,experiment 10 has been greatly increased in comparison with that inexample 1, experiment 4.

A filter test was performed to illustrate the segregation tendency bypreparing 200 mL of a slurry with 0.5 wt % solids content of thenanoparticle/microparticle mixture and filtering the slurry using amembrane filter with a pore diameter of 0.2 μm (pressure: about 25 mbar,water suction pump; room temperature). The time required to filter 200mL was measured. When segregation occurs, nano-calcium carbonate firstpasses through the pores but over a period of time a secondary filtercake forms on the membrane filter and blocks the pores.

Filtering time: 2.5 Hours.

The filtering time shows clearly that the segregation of nanoparticlesand microparticles was greatly reduced. Almost no secondary filter cakeof nano-calcium carbonate is formed on the membrane filter, blocking thepores. The filtration time is very short owing to the open structure ofthe composite in comparison with experiment 4 of example 1.

Experiment 11 Composite of 25 Wt % Inorganic Microparticles 2 and 75 Wt% Nano-Calcium Carbonate Composition 2

a) Step 1: Preparing an Intermediate of Microparticles 2 with Binder 1

400 kg inorganic microparticles 2 were placed in a ploughshare mixer,model FKM 2000 D, Lödige, Germany and 53.3 kg aqueous solution of binder1 was added within 10 minutes with the stirrer running and homogenizedfor another 10 minutes. The solids content of the intermediate was 88 wt% after adding the binder 1.

In a ploughshare mixer of the Lödige type, 77.5 kg nano-calciumcarbonate composition 2 was placed first and mixed with 17.5 kg water.Then 180 g of 42 wt % aqueous solution of a sodium salt of polyacrylicacid (Mw: about 4000 g/mol, pH 8.5) was added and after a briefhomogenization time of 2 minutes, 21.1 kg of the intermediate from step1 with a solids content of 88 wt % was added and mixed thoroughly for 30minutes using the two mixing units of the ploughshare mixer of the typeFKM 130 D, the homogenizer and the ploughshare.

Then the mixture was screened directly into a container through a 104 μmscreen.

The resulting composite slurry had the following characteristics:

5 days after production: Brookfield viscosity: 108/109/112 mPa · s pH8.86 Solids content: 64.76 wt %

It can be seen clearly from FIG. 10 that the nano-calcium carbonate isnot segregated from the inorganic microparticles and is on the surfaceof the inorganic microparticles. It is easy to see that the pore volumein example 3, experiment 11 has been increased significantly incomparison with that in example 1, experiment 4.

This experiment shows that even a different type of equipment than thatdescribed so far and different addition points for pigments and/orfillers and binders leads to a good surface treatment of inorganicmicroparticles with nano-calcium carbonate particles.

Example 4 Composites of Organic Microparticles, Nano-Calcium CarbonateComposition 3 and Binder 2 Experiment 12 Composite of 25 Wt % OrganicMicroparticles 1 and 75 Wt % Nano-Calcium Carbonate Composition 3 andBinder 2

654.2 g organic microparticles 1 were placed in the Pendraulik stirrer,17.6 g of a 20 wt % PolyDADMAC solution was added, stirred for 5 minutesthen 23.5 g of binder 2 was added, stirred for 5 minutes, then 700 g ofthe nano-calcium carbonate composition 3 was added and diluted withdistilled water to about 30 wt %. The resulting reaction mixture wassheared for 15 minutes, adjusting the pH to 9 with 10 wt % NaOH anddispersing the mixture with 16.8 g of a 42 wt % active aqueous solutionof a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid (Mw: about 4000 g/mol, pH 8.5). ThePendraulik stirrer was equipped with a toothed disk with a diameter of3.5 cm as the stirrer. The stirring speed was 7500 rpm. At the start thetemperature was 23° C.

During the 15 minutes of stirring, the temperature of the slurry rose toa final temperature of 44° C.

The resulting composite slurry had the following characteristics:

-   -   Brookfield viscosity measured after 5 min/60 min/120 min:        317/338/358 mPa·s    -   pH 9.26    -   Solids content: 32.0 wt %

FIG. 11 shows clearly that the nano-calcium carbonate is not segregatedfrom the organic microparticles and is on the surface of the organicmicroparticles. It can readily be seen that the pore volume in example4, experiment 12 has been increased significantly in comparison withthat in example 1, experiment 1.

A filter test was performed to illustrate the segregation tendency bypreparing 200 mL of the slurry with 0.5 wt % solids content of thenanoparticle/microparticle mixture and filtering the slurry using amembrane filter with a pore diameter of 0.2 μm (pressure: about 25 mbar,water suction pump; room temperature). The time required to filter 200mL was measured. When segregation occurs, nano-calcium carbonate firstpasses through the pores but over a period of time a secondary filtercake forms on the membrane filter and blocks the pores.

Filtering Time: 13 Minutes

The extremely short filtering time shows clearly that the segregation ofnanoparticles and microparticles was greatly reduced. Almost nosecondary filter cake of nano-calcium carbonate is formed on themembrane filter, blocking the pores. The filtration time is extremelyshort owing to the open structure of the composite in comparison withexperiment 1 of example 1.

Experiment Relating to Smearing and Drying of Ink on Coated Paper

a) Smear Test on Uncalendered Paper

Coating colours were prepared from the inventive composite of experiment11 and from the mixture of the state of the art as described inexperiment 1 with the following formulation:

-   A) 350 g of the dry composite of experiment 11 and 35 g dry weight    of a styrene-acrylate latex (Acronal S 360 D; BASF)    -   were mixed together with shearing for 5 minutes at 200 rpm using        a disk stirrer with a diameter of 5 cm to form a coating colour.-   B) 500 g of a dry composite of experiment 1 and 50 g dry weight of a    styrene-acrylate latex (Acronal S 360 D; BASF)    -   were mixed together with shearing for 5 minutes at 2000 rpm        using a disk stirrer with a diameter of 5 cm to form a coating        colour.

15 g dry weight of the coating colour was used to coat a 58 g/m² offsetbase paper such as Magnostar, Sappi. The coating was applied using anErichsen desktop coater (doctor applicator; model 624). Depending on thesize of the doctor blade, different amounts of the slurry prepared wereplaced in front of the doctor. Then at a speed setting of 5, the doctorblade was drawn over the paper to be coated. To prevent the doctor fromrotating, the doctor blade should be held by hand on the left sidewithout applying any pressure to the paper being coated.

Doctor blade no. 2 was used for the mixture from experiment 1 in orderto achieve a coating weight of 15 g/m² and doctor blade no. 3 was usedto achieve a coating weight of 22 g/m². Doctor blade no. 3 was used forthe composite of experiment 11 to achieve a coating weight of 15 g/m².

After drying by using hot air at about 105° C. for 15 minutes, the paperwas printed using an HP Deskjet 6540 inkjet printer and ink HP TriColour 344 and HP Black 339.

The drying speed of the ink was tested by using a FOGRA finger wipetester at 30 Newtons. The FOGRA finger wipe tester was developed by andis available from the Forschungsgesellschaft Druck, Munich; it is a testdevice for determining the wipe resistance of the printing ink layer.With this test device, smearing of the inkjet print ink is determinedafter a defined period of time on a coated Magnostar standard paper.This simulates smearing of ink on the coating by hand, i.e., with afinger.

The coated paper strip was printed with a standard inscription. Then theprinted surface was tested with the FOGRA finger wipe tester with thetester set at 30 Newtons with a 360° rotation.

The analysis is performed optically. A uniform coating without smearingis required.

Result:

Experiment 11 Experiment 1 Time after (inventive) (state of the art)printing 15 g/m² 15 g/m² 22 g/m²  1 min slight smearing smearingsmearing  3 min no smearing smearing smearing  5 min no smearingsmearing smearing 10 min no smearing smearing smearing 16 h no smearingsmearing smearing

This result shows clearly the improvement due to the invention. In thecomparative experiment from the state of the art, even an increase inthe coating weight was unable to yield an improvement in the drying rate

b) Print Test on Calendered Paper

A paper sample with an area of 5×10 cm coated as described in a) wascalendered and printed under the above conditions.

Calendering Conditions:

Laboratory Dixon calender model 8000

Roll temperature: 90° C.

Calendering pressure: 40 bar

4 nips (4 passes)

Result:

In the print test in this case special attention was paid to the runningof black ink on a substrate that had already been printed yellow. Theanalysis is performed visually after 1 hour without any additionalenlargement.

Experiment 11 Experiment 1 (inventive) (state of the art) 15 g/m² 22g/m² No visible running Severe running No visible smearing of Severesmearing of letters letters and numbers and numbers, not sharp

This result shows clearly the improvement due to the present inventionalso with regard to print quality without any external influence on thecalendered paper.

1. A composite, comprising inorganic and/or organic pigment and/orfiller particles coated at least partially with a composition comprisingcalcium carbonate particles, and a binder, wherein the sphericalequivalent diameter of the pigment and/or filler particles is in themicrometer range and the spherical equivalent diameter of the calciumcarbonate particles is in the nanometer range; and the binder is acopolymer comprising as monomers one or more dicarboxylic acids and oneor more monomers from the group of diamines, triamines, dialkanolaminesor trialkanolamines, wherein the binder facilitates adhesion of thecalcium carbonate particles to the surface of the pigment and/or fillerparticles, wherein the inorganic particles comprise talc, mica or amixture thereof, and wherein the composite contains 0.1 to 10 wt% of thebinder based on the total dry weight of the composite.
 2. The compositeaccording to claim 1, wherein the pigment and/or filler particles areinorganic particles comprising talc, mica or a mixture thereof.
 3. Thecomposite according to claim 1, wherein the pigment and/or fillerparticles are organic particles.
 4. The composite according to claim 3,wherein the pigment and/or filler particles comprise polyethylene,polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate or polystyrene.
 5. Thecomposite according to claim 1, wherein the pigment and/or fillerparticles have an essentially spherical structure.
 6. The compositeaccording to claim 1, wherein the pigment and/or filler particles have ahollow spherical or hollow hemispherical or platelet-like structure. 7.The composite according to claim 1, wherein the spherical equivalentdiameter of the pigment particles and/or filler particles is more than0.2 to about 100 μm.
 8. The composite according to claim 1, wherein thespherical equivalent diameter of the pigment particles and/or fillerparticles is 0.3 to 12 μm.
 9. The composite according to claim 3,wherein the spherical equivalent diameter of the organic pigmentparticles and/or filler particles is more than 0.2 to 25 μm.
 10. Thecomposite according to claim 3, wherein the spherical equivalentdiameter of the organic pigment particles and/or filler particles is0.25 to 1.5 μm.
 11. The composite according to claim 1, wherein thepigment particles and/or filler particles comprise polystyrene.
 12. Thecomposite according to claim 11, wherein the pigment particles and/orfiller particles are in the form of polystyrene hollow spheres with aspherical equivalent diameter of 0.25 to 1.5 μm.
 13. The compositeaccording to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate is syntheticprecipitated calcium carbonate.
 14. The composite according to claim 13,wherein the precipitated calcium carbonate has a vateritic, calcitic oraragonitic crystal structure.
 15. The composite according to claim 1,wherein the calcium carbonate is ground natural calcium carbonate. 16.The composite according to claim 15, wherein the ground calciumcarbonate is marble, limestone or chalk.
 17. The composite according toclaim 1, wherein 92 to 99% of the calcium carbonate particles, based onthe amount N of the calcium carbonate particles, have a sphericalequivalent diameter in a range from 20 to 200 nm.
 18. The compositeaccording to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate is ground to thespherical equivalent diameter in one or more dry or wet grinding steps.19. The composite according to claim 18, wherein a ball mill, a jetplate mill, an attritor mill or combinations of such mills orcombinations of one or more of such mills with a cyclone and screenis/are used for the grinding.
 20. The composite according to claim 18,wherein the dry grinding is performed in a ball mill using iron and/orporcelain balls with a diameter of 0.5 to 10 cm.
 21. The compositeaccording to claim 18, wherein the dry grinding is performed in a ballmill using iron-cylpebs with a diameter of 2.5 cm.
 22. The compositeaccording to claim 18, wherein the wet grinding is performed in anattritor mill using grinding balls made of zirconium silicate, zirconiumdioxide and/or baddeleite with a diameter of 0.2 to 5 mm.
 23. Thecomposite according to claim 18, wherein the wet grinding is performedin an attritor mill using grinding balls made of zirconium silicate,zirconium dioxide and/or baddeleite with a diameter of 0.2 to 2 mm. 24.The composite according to claim 18, wherein the wet grinding isperformed in an attritor mill using grinding balls made of zirconiumsilicate, zirconium dioxide and/or baddeleite with a diameter of 0.5 to5 mm.
 25. The composite according to claim 18, wherein the wet grindingis performed in an attritor mill using grinding balls made of zirconiumsilicate, zirconium dioxide and/or baddeleite with a diameter of 0.5 to2 mm.
 26. The composite according to claim 15, wherein the naturalground calcium carbonate is dispersed and/or ground in the form of anaqueous slurry with a calcium carbonate solids content of more than 10wt %.
 27. The composite according to claim 15, wherein the naturalground calcium carbonate is dispersed and/or ground in the form of anaqueous slurry with a calcium carbonate solids content of more than 15to 30 wt %.
 28. The composite according to claim 15, wherein the naturalground calcium carbonate is dispersed and/or ground in the form of anaqueous slurry with a calcium carbonate solids content of 72 to 80 wt %.29. The composite according to claim 15, wherein the calcium carbonatedispersed and/or ground in the form of an aqueous slurry with a calciumcarbonate solids content of ≦60 wt %, is physically concentrated byfilter pressing and/or centrifuging and/or thermally, or by combinationsof mechanical and thermal concentration steps, optionally dispersed inthe presence of one or more dispersants, to a final concentration ofbetween 65 wt % and 78 wt %.
 30. The composite according to claim 15,wherein the calcium carbonate dispersed and/or ground in the form of anaqueous slurry with a calcium carbonate solids content of ≦60 wt %, isphysically concentrated by filter pressing and/or centrifuging and/orthermally, or by combinations of mechanical and thermal concentrationsteps, optionally dispersed in the presence of one or more dispersants,to a final concentration of 72±2 wt %.
 31. The composite according toclaim 14, wherein the natural ground calcium carbonate is dispersedand/or ground in the presence of one or more grinding aids and/ordispersants.
 32. The composite according to claim 31, wherein thegrinding aids and/or dispersants are anionic grinding aids and/ordispersants.
 33. The composite according to claim 32, wherein theanionic grinding aids and/or dispersants comprise homopolymers orcopolymers of polycarboxylic acid salts based on acrylic acid,methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid or mixturesthereof, or sodium polyphosphates, sodium citrate or mixtures thereof.34. The composite according to claim 33, wherein the homopolymers orcopolymers of polycarboxylic acid salts are partially or completelyneutralized with sodium, lithium, potassium, ammonium, calcium,magnesium, strontium and/or aluminium or mixtures thereof.
 35. Thecomposite according to claim 33, wherein the homopolymers or copolymersof polycarboxylic acid salts are partially or completely neutralizedwith sodium and magnesium.
 36. The composite according to claim 31,wherein the dispersants and/or grinding aids are used in wet grinding inan amount of about 0.05 to about 2 wt %.
 37. The composite according toclaim 31, wherein the viscosity of the calcium carbonate slurry in wetgrinding is less than 2500 mPa·s.
 38. The composite according to claim31, wherein the viscosity of the calcium carbonate slurry in wetgrinding is in the range of 50 to 250 mPa·s.
 39. The composite accordingto claim 31, wherein the grinding aids and/or dispersants comprise aglycol, a polyglycol, a polyethylene glycol, an ethylene oxide-propyleneoxide-ethylene oxide block copolymer, an alkanolamine, triethanolamine,triisopropanolamine or mixtures thereof.
 40. The composite according toclaim 31, wherein the dispersants and/or grinding aids in dry grindingare present in an amount of 0.2 to 1 mg/m² nanoparticle surface area.41. The composite according to claim 1, containing 5 to 95 wt % ofpigment particles and/or filler particles, based on the total dry weightof the composite.
 42. The composite according to claim 1, containing 20to 80 wt % of pigment particles and/or filler particles, based on thetotal dry weight of the composite.
 43. The composite according to claim1, containing 95 to 5 wt % of calcium carbonate particles, based on thetotal dry weight of the composite.
 44. The composite according to claim1, containing 80 to 20 wt % of calcium carbonate particles, based on thetotal dry weight of the composite.
 45. The composite according to claim1, wherein one or more saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranchedC₂ to C₁₀ dicarboxylic acid, C₃ to C₉ dicarboxylic acid, C₄ to C₈dicarboxylic acid, C₅ to C₇ dicarboxylic acid, or adipic acid is used asone or more dicarboxylic acid monomers of the binder.
 46. The compositeaccording to claim 1, wherein one or more linear and branched chain,substituted and unsubstituted diamine and triamine and dialkanolamineand trialkanolamine, N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, diethanolamine,an N-alkyldialkanolamine, N-methyl- and N-ethyldiethanolamine andtriethanolamine is used as the one or more diamine, triamine,dialkanolamine or trialkanolamine monomer of the binder.
 47. Thecomposite according to claim 1, the copolymer used as the binder iscrosslinked with epichlorohydrin.
 48. The composite according to claim1, wherein the binder is a copolymer of adipic acid withN-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine and epichlorohydrin.
 49. Thecomposite according to claim 1, containing 0.3 to 5 wt % of binder,based on the total dry weight of the composite.
 50. An aqueous slurrycomprising the composite according to claim
 1. 51. A filler or pigmentcomprising the composite according to claim 1 or an aqueous slurrythereof as a filler or pigment, but not in the production or processingof thermal paper, when the pigment and/or filler particles are organicpigment and/or filler particles.
 52. Paper comprising the composite ofclaim 1 or an aqueous slurry thereof in an amount of 0.5 to 50 wt %,based on the total weight of the paper.
 53. Paper comprising thecomposite of claim 1 or an aqueous slurry thereof as a coating in anamount of 2 to 50 wt % per side of paper.
 54. The paper according toclaim 53, wherein the composite is used in the pre-coating, theintermediate coating, the top coating and/or a single coating, and thepaper is coated on one or both sides and one or more of the coatingscontains the composite on one or both sides.
 55. The paper according toclaim 52, wherein the composite is used in calendered or uncalenderedpaper.
 56. The paper according to claim 52, wherein the composite isused for modifying or controlling the pore volume of the paper or thecoating.
 57. Paints, plastics or sealing compounds comprising thecomposite according to claim 1 or an aqueous slurry thereof.
 58. Afiltration aid in the form of a filter layer comprising the compositeaccording to claim 1 or an aqueous slurry thereof, optionally on anatural and/or synthetic carrier material such as cotton, cellulose andpolyamide fibres.
 59. A filtration aid comprising the compositeaccording to claim 1 or an aqueous slurry thereof.
 60. A fillercomprising the composite according to claim 1 or an aqueous slurrythereof.
 61. A pigment comprising the composite according to claim 1 oran aqueous slurry thereof.
 62. A coating colour comprising the compositeof claim 1 or an aqueous slurry thereof, but not for use in productionor processing of thermal paper, when the pigment and/or filler particlesare organic pigment and/or filler particles.
 63. The coating colouraccording to claim 62, wherein the coating colour has a solids contentof 25 to 75 wt % solids.
 64. The coating colour according to claim 62,wherein the amount of the composite, based on the total solids contentin the coating colour, is 3 to 97 wt %.
 65. Inorganic and/or organicpigment and/or filler particles at least partially coated with (i) acopolymer comprising as monomers one or more dicarboxylic acids and oneor more monomers from the group of diamines, triamines, dialkanolaminesor trialkanolamines, wherein the inorganic and/or organic pigment and/orfiller particles have a spherical equivalent diameter in the micrometerrange, and wherein the inorganic particles comprise talc, mica or amixture thereof, and (ii) a composition comprising calcium carbonateparticles with a spherical equivalent diameter in the nanometer range,wherein the copolymer facilitates adhesion of the calcium carbonateparticles to the surface of the pigment and/or filler particles, andwherein the composite contains 0.1 to 10 wt% of the binder based on thetotal dry weight of the composite.
 66. The inorganic and/or organicpigment and/or filler particles according to claim 65, wherein thecopolymer comprises as monomers adipic acid,N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine and epichlorohydrin.
 67. Thecomposite of claim 1, which is prepared by (a) homogenizing acombination of the pigment and/or filler particles, the calciumcarbonate particles and the binder, (b) homogenizing a combination ofthe pigment and/or filler particles and the binder, which is thencombined with the calcium carbonate particles and mixed, or (c)homogenizing a combination of the calcium carbonate particles and thebinder, which is then combined with the pigment and/or filler particlesand mixed, wherein the combination of the pigment and/or fillerparticles, the calcium carbonate particles and the binder in (a) isprepared by (i) mixing the pigment and/or filler particles, the calciumcarbonate particles and the binder, (ii) mixing the pigment and/orfiller particles and the binder, which is then combined with the calciumcarbonate particles and mixed; (iii) mixing the pigment and/or fillerparticles and the calcium carbonate particles, which is then combinedwith the binder and mixed, or (iv) mixing the calcium carbonateparticles and the binder, which is then combined with the pigment and/orfiller particles and mixed.
 68. The composite according to claim 1,wherein the pigment and/or filler particles are inorganic particlescomprising talc.
 69. The pigment and/or filler particles according toclaim 65, wherein the pigment and/or filler particles are inorganicparticles comprising talc, mica or a mixture thereof.
 70. The pigmentand/or filler particles according to claim 65, wherein the pigmentand/or filler particles are inorganic particles comprising talc.
 71. Thepigment and/or filler particles according to claim 65, wherein thepigment and/or filler particles are organic particles.
 72. The pigmentand/or filler particles according to claim 71, wherein the pigmentand/or filler particles comprise polyethylene, polypropylene,polyethylene terephthalate or polystyrene.
 73. The pigment and/or fillerparticles according to claim 71, wherein the pigment particles and/orfiller particles comprise polystyrene.
 74. The composite according toclaim 63, containing 0.5 to 3 wt% of binder, based on the total dryweight of the composite.